The Word of God says that the Earth's population was repopulated after the Great Flood by Noah and his three sons' family. The article below shows how scientists agree that the world's population was once living in the same place and then migrated away or spread out.
If evolution was true, wouldn't humans just arise independently at different location or spread out earlier without first congregating?
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Source: http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/wellbeing/first-australians-were-indian-research-20090722-dtnh.html
First Australians were Indian: research
July 23, 2009
CLUES about how the first Aborigines arrived in Australia have been unveiled by Indian scientists. Based on a series of genetic tests, they believe Aborigines travelled from Africa to Australia via India.
Dr Raghavendra Rao and researchers from the Indian-government backed Anthropological Survey of India project found unique genetic mutations were shared between modern-day Indians and Aborigines, suggesting Australia's indigenous people had spent time on the subcontinent.
The scientists did genetic tests on 966 individuals from 26 of India's "relic populations" and identified seven people from central Dravidian and Austro-Asiatic tribes who shared genetic traits only found in Aborigines. "We found certain mutations in the DNA sequences of the Indian tribes … that are specific to Aborigines," Dr Rao said.
"This … suggests that the Aborigine population migrated to Australia via the so-called southern route."
Scientists believe the first modern humans began spreading around the world from Africa about 50,000 years ago. But little is known about which routes they took.
Some studies have suggested they used a single southern route stretching from the Horn of Africa, across the Red Sea into Arabia and southern Asia.
They were then believed to have moved along the coastlines of southern Asia, South-East Asia and Indonesia before arriving in Australia about 45,000 years ago.
Dr Rao said the new research, published by the online scientific journal BMC Evolutionary Biology yesterday, indicated there was direct DNA evidence about how modern humans spread from Africa 50,000 years ago. "In this respect, populations in the Indian subcontinent harbour DNA footprints of the earliest expansion out of Africa," he said.
Thursday, July 23, 2009
Monday, July 20, 2009
Nephilim? - Why Neanderthals were always an endangered species
The article below talks about the inferior DNA of Neanderthals. This would not be surprising if in fact Neanderthals turn out to be the Nephilims mentioned in God's Word. Scientifically, hybrids between species usually are not able to produce successfully. In God's own words, he made the all creatures on Earth such that they produce "their own kind", hybrids are not part of God's plan. No wonder the Neanderthal / Nephilim DNA is inferior for reproductive purposes.
Footnote: Sudden extinction of Neanderthals and most of other humans are caused by the Great Flood.
An article on Nephilim and Neanderthal:
http://jacksonsnyder.com/Arc/Essays%206/Neaderthal.htm
Genesis 6:3-5 (New International Version)
3 Then the LORD said, "My Spirit will not contend with [a] man forever, for he is mortal [b] ; his days will be a hundred and twenty years."
4 The Nephilim were on the earth in those days—and also afterward—when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them. They were the heroes of old, men of renown.
5 The LORD saw how great man's wickedness on the earth had become, and that every inclination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil all the time.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Why Neanderthals were always an endangered species
10:55 17 July 2009 by Ewen Callaway
For much of their 400,000 year history, Neanderthals were few and far between, a new analysis of genetic material from several of the extinct, ancient humans now suggests.
It's difficult to put a number on the population of a species based on DNA alone, but less than a few hundred thousand of the archaic humans roamed Europe and Asia at any one time, says Adrian Briggs, an evolutionary geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. "There never were million and millions of Neanderthals," he told New Scientist.
That conclusion isn't exactly Earth-shattering. Archaeological digs suggest that Neanderthals hardly lived in megacities, and the mitochondrial genome sequence from one individual found in Croatia also hints at low population sizes.
But the new findings represent the most detailed look at Neanderthal genetic diversity yet published.
Low diversity
What is most obvious is how little genetic heterogeneity they possessed. The mitochondrial genomes of six Neanderthals recovered in Spain, Croatia, Germany and Russia differ at only 55 locations out of more than 16,000 letters. This represents three times less mitochondrial diversity than modern humans possess.
.
Because of this low diversity, Briggs' team infers that Neanderthal populations must have been relatively small. "Populations with much larger sizes carry more genetic diversity, you have more individuals and more mutations," he says.
The researchers analysed bone samples that, by and large, came during the twilight of the Neanderthal's reign around 40,000 years ago. Neanderthals probably went extinct somewhere between 24,000 and 28,000 years ago.
It's possible that Briggs' team has taken a genetic snapshot of a species on the verge of extinction, however other genetic clues indicate that Neanderthal populations stayed low for much of their history, he says.
Highs and lows
Neanderthal mitochondria were far more likely than humans or chimpanzees to contain potentially harmful mutations in mitochondrial genes that changed the shape of proteins, Brigg's team found. Since these mutations incur an evolutionary cost, they will eventually be weeded out. But this process occurs very slowly in small populations, Briggs says. Hence, Neanderthals numbers probably stayed low for a long time.
Chris Stringer, a palaeontologist at the Natural History Museum in London, agrees that Neanderthal populations were probably small. "They must have been on the edge of extinction by this time to have so few people scattered in Europe," he says.
However during warm spells, their numbers and range probably swelled, only to contract in leaner times, Stringer says. "I think the numbers would have fluctuated. They would have had good times and bad times, and this data reflect that in the last 100,000 years they were having bad times."
It's tempting to think that the arrival of modern humans to Europe about 45,000 years ago pushed Neanderthal numbers even lower by competing for increasingly scarce resources. But the invading Homo sapiens would have been relatively rare too, Stringer says. "You've got to consider the possibility that they might not have met each other that often."
Journal reference: Science (DOI: 10.1126/science.1174462)
Footnote: Sudden extinction of Neanderthals and most of other humans are caused by the Great Flood.
An article on Nephilim and Neanderthal:
http://jacksonsnyder.com/Arc/Essays%206/Neaderthal.htm
Genesis 6:3-5 (New International Version)
3 Then the LORD said, "My Spirit will not contend with [a] man forever, for he is mortal [b] ; his days will be a hundred and twenty years."
4 The Nephilim were on the earth in those days—and also afterward—when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them. They were the heroes of old, men of renown.
5 The LORD saw how great man's wickedness on the earth had become, and that every inclination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil all the time.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Why Neanderthals were always an endangered species
10:55 17 July 2009 by Ewen Callaway
For much of their 400,000 year history, Neanderthals were few and far between, a new analysis of genetic material from several of the extinct, ancient humans now suggests.
It's difficult to put a number on the population of a species based on DNA alone, but less than a few hundred thousand of the archaic humans roamed Europe and Asia at any one time, says Adrian Briggs, an evolutionary geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. "There never were million and millions of Neanderthals," he told New Scientist.
That conclusion isn't exactly Earth-shattering. Archaeological digs suggest that Neanderthals hardly lived in megacities, and the mitochondrial genome sequence from one individual found in Croatia also hints at low population sizes.
But the new findings represent the most detailed look at Neanderthal genetic diversity yet published.
Low diversity
What is most obvious is how little genetic heterogeneity they possessed. The mitochondrial genomes of six Neanderthals recovered in Spain, Croatia, Germany and Russia differ at only 55 locations out of more than 16,000 letters. This represents three times less mitochondrial diversity than modern humans possess.
.
Because of this low diversity, Briggs' team infers that Neanderthal populations must have been relatively small. "Populations with much larger sizes carry more genetic diversity, you have more individuals and more mutations," he says.
The researchers analysed bone samples that, by and large, came during the twilight of the Neanderthal's reign around 40,000 years ago. Neanderthals probably went extinct somewhere between 24,000 and 28,000 years ago.
It's possible that Briggs' team has taken a genetic snapshot of a species on the verge of extinction, however other genetic clues indicate that Neanderthal populations stayed low for much of their history, he says.
Highs and lows
Neanderthal mitochondria were far more likely than humans or chimpanzees to contain potentially harmful mutations in mitochondrial genes that changed the shape of proteins, Brigg's team found. Since these mutations incur an evolutionary cost, they will eventually be weeded out. But this process occurs very slowly in small populations, Briggs says. Hence, Neanderthals numbers probably stayed low for a long time.
Chris Stringer, a palaeontologist at the Natural History Museum in London, agrees that Neanderthal populations were probably small. "They must have been on the edge of extinction by this time to have so few people scattered in Europe," he says.
However during warm spells, their numbers and range probably swelled, only to contract in leaner times, Stringer says. "I think the numbers would have fluctuated. They would have had good times and bad times, and this data reflect that in the last 100,000 years they were having bad times."
It's tempting to think that the arrival of modern humans to Europe about 45,000 years ago pushed Neanderthal numbers even lower by competing for increasingly scarce resources. But the invading Homo sapiens would have been relatively rare too, Stringer says. "You've got to consider the possibility that they might not have met each other that often."
Journal reference: Science (DOI: 10.1126/science.1174462)
Wednesday, July 8, 2009
Codex Sinaiticus - Oldest Bible now Online
Codex Sinaiticus, the world's oldest Bible, unified online for the first time in over a century
Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/2009/07/06/2009-07-06_oldest_bible_the_codex_sinaiticus_.html#ixzz0Kfz9yAKL&C
The surviving sections of the world’s oldest Bible have been pieced together and unified online Monday, creating a unique opportunity for scholars to learn more about the centuries-old manuscript.
As part of a four-year joint project, the Codex Sinaiticus, has been digitized for the first time, reuniting sections held by the British Library in London, the Monastery of St. Catherine in Sinai, Egypt, the National Library of Russia and Leipzig University Library in Germany, according to Reuters.
The Codex Sinaiticus was hand-written in Greek by four scribes in the mid-fourth century, around the time of Constantine the Great, the Roman emperor who embraced Christianity.
The Codex, which was originally around 1,400 pages long, is now a collection of 800 pages and fragments.
The text was written on vellum, a type of animal hide, and the pages that have survived include the entire New Testament and the earliest surviving copy of the Gospels, written after Christ’s death by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
Half of a copy of the Old Testament is also among the pages that remain. The rest has been lost over time.
"The Codex Sinaiticus is one of the world’s greatest written treasures," Scot McKendrick, head of Western manuscripts at the British Library, told Reuters.
"This 1,600-year-old manuscript offers a window into the development of early Christianity and first-hand evidence of how the text of the Bible was transmitted from generation to generation," said McKendrick.
The pages include numerous revisions, corrections and additions, thought to have been added as the manuscript was passed down over time.
With each page measuring 16 inches tall by 14 inches wide, the Codex "is arguably the oldest large bound book to have survived," McKendrick told Reuters.
"Critically, it marks the definite triumph of bound codices over (papyrus) scrolls – a key watershed in how the Christian Bible was regarded as a sacred text," he stated.
Reuniting the remaining pages of the Codex has helped to reveal other mysteries surrounding the oldest Bible, including more information about who made it and how it was produced.
Experts at the British Library told Reuters that the project has already produced evidence that suggests that a fourth scribe worked on the texts. Three other scribes have previously been recognized as authors.
Each institution owns various amounts of the Codex, but the British Library, which was the first to digitize pages of the book in London, possesses the most.
The joint project to compile all the pages online began in 2005, with the objective of preserving the ancient manuscript and creating an online archive.
The collection will also include previously unpublished pages of the Codex, which were found in a blocked-off room in 1975 at St. Catherine’s Monastery. Several of these pages are in poor condition, which has made them difficult to study.
McKendrick said the project should finally allow scholars to be able to view the documents as part of a whole, making their studies more complete and comprehensive.
While there are still many unknown answers about the origins of the Codex – such as how the manuscript came to be, which religious order commissioned it, and how long it took to produce – unifying the book on the Internet will hopefully initiate new research into the manuscript.
"It is our hope this will provide the catalyst for new research and it is already creating great interest," Juan Garces, project manager of Greek manuscripts at the British Library, told Reuters.
The Bible can be viewed online for free at http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/ . The collection includes modern Greek translations, in addition to certain sections which have been translated into English.
Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/2009/07/06/2009-07-06_oldest_bible_the_codex_sinaiticus_.html#ixzz0KfzPJne2&C
Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/2009/07/06/2009-07-06_oldest_bible_the_codex_sinaiticus_.html#ixzz0Kfz9yAKL&C
The surviving sections of the world’s oldest Bible have been pieced together and unified online Monday, creating a unique opportunity for scholars to learn more about the centuries-old manuscript.
As part of a four-year joint project, the Codex Sinaiticus, has been digitized for the first time, reuniting sections held by the British Library in London, the Monastery of St. Catherine in Sinai, Egypt, the National Library of Russia and Leipzig University Library in Germany, according to Reuters.
The Codex Sinaiticus was hand-written in Greek by four scribes in the mid-fourth century, around the time of Constantine the Great, the Roman emperor who embraced Christianity.
The Codex, which was originally around 1,400 pages long, is now a collection of 800 pages and fragments.
The text was written on vellum, a type of animal hide, and the pages that have survived include the entire New Testament and the earliest surviving copy of the Gospels, written after Christ’s death by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
Half of a copy of the Old Testament is also among the pages that remain. The rest has been lost over time.
"The Codex Sinaiticus is one of the world’s greatest written treasures," Scot McKendrick, head of Western manuscripts at the British Library, told Reuters.
"This 1,600-year-old manuscript offers a window into the development of early Christianity and first-hand evidence of how the text of the Bible was transmitted from generation to generation," said McKendrick.
The pages include numerous revisions, corrections and additions, thought to have been added as the manuscript was passed down over time.
With each page measuring 16 inches tall by 14 inches wide, the Codex "is arguably the oldest large bound book to have survived," McKendrick told Reuters.
"Critically, it marks the definite triumph of bound codices over (papyrus) scrolls – a key watershed in how the Christian Bible was regarded as a sacred text," he stated.
Reuniting the remaining pages of the Codex has helped to reveal other mysteries surrounding the oldest Bible, including more information about who made it and how it was produced.
Experts at the British Library told Reuters that the project has already produced evidence that suggests that a fourth scribe worked on the texts. Three other scribes have previously been recognized as authors.
Each institution owns various amounts of the Codex, but the British Library, which was the first to digitize pages of the book in London, possesses the most.
The joint project to compile all the pages online began in 2005, with the objective of preserving the ancient manuscript and creating an online archive.
The collection will also include previously unpublished pages of the Codex, which were found in a blocked-off room in 1975 at St. Catherine’s Monastery. Several of these pages are in poor condition, which has made them difficult to study.
McKendrick said the project should finally allow scholars to be able to view the documents as part of a whole, making their studies more complete and comprehensive.
While there are still many unknown answers about the origins of the Codex – such as how the manuscript came to be, which religious order commissioned it, and how long it took to produce – unifying the book on the Internet will hopefully initiate new research into the manuscript.
"It is our hope this will provide the catalyst for new research and it is already creating great interest," Juan Garces, project manager of Greek manuscripts at the British Library, told Reuters.
The Bible can be viewed online for free at http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/ . The collection includes modern Greek translations, in addition to certain sections which have been translated into English.
Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/2009/07/06/2009-07-06_oldest_bible_the_codex_sinaiticus_.html#ixzz0KfzPJne2&C
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